双重被动句
句型[主语+被动式谓语+被动不定式+其他]
1.Thedateisexpectedtobeannouncedsoon.
2.Thegatewasorderedtobeclosedatnineo'clock.
3.Thebooksarenotallowedtobetakenoutoftheroom.
4.Thesearmsaresupposedtohavebeenusedbypartisansduringtheanti-Japanesewar.
5.Thetaskisreportedtohavebeencompletedyesterday.
6.Theinstrumentsaresupposedtobeusedonlybyskilledworkers.
[注]H.W.Fowler说过,双重被动式,从文体学观点来看是应该尽量避免,因为从表面看来容易为类似的假象所混淆。如:(错)Thehousewasbeguntobebuilt.不是房子开始而是房子的建造开始。下列动词不适宜于本句型:attempt,decide,promise,seek,begin,hope,intend,propose,purpose,threaten等。
不可说:Theworkwasattemptedtobedonequickly.应当说:Anattemptwasmadetodotheworkquickly.
不可说:Hehasbeendecidedtobehelped.应当说:Ithasbeendecidedtohelphim.Ithasbeendecidedthatheshouldbehelped.
[附注]主动语态与被动语态互相转换时应注意的几点事项。
1)基本转换公式:省略。
2)转换时一般不得变更动词的时态。另下列各时式不能用于被动句中。
1.将来进行时2.现在完成进行时3.将来完成进行时4.过去完成进行时
3)被动句中by后接us,you,them,one时,by短语可以省略。
4)祈使句中使用被动式谓语很少见,以下各句可说是例外:Pleasebeseated.Betrustedratherthanfeared.
一般情况使用let帮助构成祈使句的被动语态。
Doonethingatatime.→Letonethingbedoneatatime.Givehimsomethingtoeat.→Letsomethingtoeatbegiven(to)him./→Lethimbegivensomethingtoeat.
5)在下列情况下,主动句不能转换成被动句。1.由于宾语的性质不用被动句:
A.当宾语是缺乏实义的代词it时,不能变,如:walkit,goit,fightitout
B.当宾语为反身代词时,不能变,如:(错)Himselfwasabsentedbyhim.
C.宾语前若有主语的物主代词时,不能变,如:(错)Hisfingeriscutbyhim.
D.当宾语是eachother或oneanother时不能变,如:(错)Eachotherishelpedbyus.
E.当宾语是不定式时,很少转用于被动句。不宜说:Togoiswantedbyme或Itiswantedbymetogo.
2.由于某些动词的性质不用被动句,这类动词有:become,befit,fail,last,resemble,suit,suffice,wish,disappear,lackwant,like,hate,possess,own,contain,have,happento,belongto,breakout,takeplace,setsail,shakehandswith,takepartin等。
3.当某些动宾关系十分紧密不可分割时不能变被动句。这种组合中的宾语大多表示工具、方式或结果,如:Sheleanedherelbowsonthetable.Hekeptsilence.Hetook(made)aflight.Theboydidnotloseheart.Nydiabowedhergratitude.
4.容易发生歧义的句子最好不用被动句,如:Thetalldoctorshookhishead.
6)有些被动句不能变成主动句,如:Hewaskilledinwar.Itissaidthatheisill.