Sometimes I scratch my head when I read about the government&39; s efforts to improve schools:new standards and tests to be applied, strict teacher evaluations, and threats of school closures and job losses. They frighten the school employees, not to mention the students. Instead of making people unable to solve problems or try new ideas--which is what fear does to us--research on school reform. strongly suggests that policy-makers should encourage school leaders to take a more humane approach. In their study on the reform. efforts of twelve Chicago public schools, Bryk and Schneider found that enabling positive social relationships between the adults was the key to successful school improvement and that trust was at the heart of those relationships.

Trust in schools comes down to one thing:psychological safety or safety to speak one&39;s mind,to discuss with openness and honesty what is and isn&39; t working,to make collective decisions.

Yet this kind of safety doesn&39; t come easily to schools. According to Bryk and Schneider, the adults in school rely on each other to do their jobs correctly and with integrity （正直). The challeage is that our expectations are very diverse based on our unique backgrounds.

At one school where I taught, each teacher had different expectations about how much effort teachers should put into their work--a big difference between the teachers who left af~the last bell and those who worked into the evening. And when expectations are uncoasci or unspoken, it becomes impossible for others to live up to them.

We also make assumptions about the intentions behind a person&39; s behavior. As we all Imam,assumptions are often wrong. For example, parents and teachers my think the principal taml particular decision based on his career advancement rather than hat" s best for the studeata. don&39;t feel psychologically safe to question our assumptions and e~aecmtiatm, trust itiea am the window and our relationships suffer.

48. According to Paragraph 1,why does the author scratch his head?

A.Because he doesn’ t know what to do once schools are closed

B.Because he is not sure about the practicability of those new tests

C.Because he is concerned that many teachers will lose their jobs

D.Because he is not in favor of the government’ s reform efforts

According to Bryk and Schneider, what was most important for successful school improvemt?

A.New standards and tests in schools

B.Positive social relationships

C.Strict teacher and student evaluations

D.Assistance of the government

What is meant by trust in school?

A.Freedom to express one' s views

B.Extra effort teachers put into their work

C.Independence of the teachers in schools.

D.Unconscious and unspoken expectations

What does the author say about the assumptions made about the intentions behind a person's behavior?

A.They should be trusted

B.They are often bold

C.They are often incorrect

D.They should be encouraged

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An interesting project called Blue Zones is recording the lifestyle. secrets of the communities with the highest, hest concentrations of centenarians in the world.

The people in the five regions in Europe, Latin America,Asia and the US that live to be 100 have a lot going for them. Genes probably play a small role, but these folks also have strong social ties ,tightly-knit families and lots of opportunities to exercise.

As we were examining the dietary secrets of the Blue Zones, as described in author Dan Buettner" s latest book, The Blue Zones Solution, we were struck by how essential tea drinking is in these regions. In fact, Buettner&39; s Blue Zones Beverage Rule--a kind of guideline summarized from his 15 or so years of studying these places--is:" Drink coffee for breakfast, tea in the afternoon, wine at 5 p. tm"

Science has plenty to say about the healthful virtues of green tea. Researchers are most enthusi- astic almt the components in green tea, as well as foods like cocoa. Why might they help so many Okina~vans in Japan break 1007 Some components in green tea can lower the risk of stroke,heart disease attd several cancers. One review study also found that drinking green tea can slightly improve metabolism (新陈代谢).

If you find yourself on the island of Ikaria, the Greek Blue Zone in the middle of the Aegean, you won&39;t be offered any tea made with tea leaves. Instead, Ikarians typically make their daily cup of tea with just one fresh herb that they have picked themselves that day--either rosemary, wild sage,oregano,nmrjotmn,mint or dandelion,all plants that may have anti-inflammatory (消炎的) properties, which may help lower blood pressure. This could explain Ikaria&39; s very low dementia (痴呆) rate,since high blood pressure is a risk factor for the disease.

52. What does the underlined word "centenarians" in Paragraph 1 refer to?

A.People who have secret lifestyles

B.People who enjoy physical exercise

C.People who are one hundred years old or older

D.People who carry the gene for being slim

What may the tea Ikarians drink daily help?

A.To improve metabolism

B.To lower blood pressure

C.To lower life stress

D.To improve social relationships

According to Paragraph 3 ,what is the recommended time for tea drinking?

A.In the morning

B.Any time of a day

C.In the early evening

D.In the afternoon

What might be the best title of the passage?

A.Tea-Drinking Tips

B.Lifestyle Secrets of Ikarians

C.Tea-Drinking Ceremony in Okinawa

D.Blue Zones Solutions

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寄生虫病的传播途径是指寄生虫从传染源排出，在外界或中间宿主体内发育至感染期后，借助于某些途径，进入另一宿主的全过程。囊虫病主要的传播途径是

A、经土壤传播

B、经食物传播

C、经接触疫水传播

D、经饮用水传播

E、经节肢动物传播

丝虫病主要的传播途径是

A、经土壤传播

B、经食物传播

C、经接触疫水传播

D、经白蛉传播

E、经蚊虫传播

血吸虫病主要的传播途径是

A、经土壤传播

B、经食物传播

C、经接触疫水传播

D、经饮用水传播

E、经节肢动物传播

男，65岁，患慢性充血性心衰和骨质疏松症，长期口服地高辛片剂和钙片，因眩晕、头痛伴心律失常入院，血清地高辛浓度为1．8ng／ml该患者最可能的诊断是

A、心衰发作

B、眩晕症

C、地高辛中毒

D、骨质增生症

E、颈椎病

离子选择电极法检测血清［Ca2+］=3．1mmol／L，血清［K+］=4．0mmol／L，此结果提示

A、高钙血症

B、低钙血症

C、高钾血症

D、低钾血症

E、电解质正常

由上述结果提示患者的发病原因是

A、高钙血症时，心肌对地高辛的敏感性降低，在治疗浓度范围内药效降低

B、高钙血症时，心肌对地高辛的敏感性提高，在治疗浓度范围内发生中毒反应

C、低钾血症时，心肌对地高辛的敏感性降低，在治疗浓度范围内药效降低

D、高钾血症时，心肌对地高辛的敏感性降低，在治疗浓度范围内药效降低

E、地高辛与钙剂作用拮抗

检测血清地高辛浓度的标本取样时间最好在

A、服药后8小时以上

B、服药后36小时以上

C、连续用药10天以上达稳态后某次用药前

D、连续用药10天以上达稳态后某次用药后

E、随机取样

男性，33岁，秘书，身高176cm，体重89kg，空腹血糖7.2mmol/L，血三酰甘油4.32mmol/L，胆固醇4.7mmol/L，尿酸1.2mmol/L。该患者的BMI是( )。

A、22.2

B、25

C、27.5

D、28.7

E、29.6

实施减体重治疗时，适宜的热能供给量是( )。

A、5～10kcal/(kg·d)

B、15～20kcal/(kg·d)

C、25～30kcal/(kg·d)

D、30～35kcal/(kg·d)

E、40～50kcal/(kg·d)

该患者宜选择的食物是( )。

A、豆腐、香菇

B、牛奶、鸡蛋

C、肉汤、沙丁鱼

D、辣椒、土豆

E、酸奶、猪肝

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一份烹调油交换份是多少克( )。

A.90

B.25

C.500

D.10

E.50

一份粮食交换份提供的能量是多少千卡( )。

A.90

B.25

C.500

D.10

E.50

一份粮食交换份是多少克( )。

A.90

B.25

C.500

D.10

E.50

一份肉蛋类交换份是多少克( )。

A.90

B.25

C.500

D.10

E.50

一份蔬菜食品交换份是多少克( )。

A.90

B.25

C.500

D.10

E.50

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10月23日和24日晚间9点以后某医院急诊室先后有同样症状的急性胃肠炎患者多人求治。经查，所有患者均在患病当天傍晚于同一食品店买回熟猪头肉同家属共进晚餐。家属中未吃该肉的未生病。多数患者在进食后2h发病，出现恶心、呕吐，呕吐最多为20次～30次，并有胆汁。半数患者有腹泻，一般3次～4次，最多的约10次，腹泻物均为水样便或稀便。所有患者神志清醒，均无发烧。病程1日～3日内恢复，无一例死亡。若疑为食物中毒，应高度怀疑为( )。

A、沙门菌属食物中毒

B、副溶血性弧菌食物中毒

C、肉毒梭菌食物中毒

D、葡萄球菌食物中毒

E、大肠埃希菌食物中毒

医师已收集到患者的呕吐物及剩余食品，进一步的主要工作是( )。

A、问病史

B、体检

C、抽血

D、送检收集到的样品

E、给病人胸透

你认为实验室检查最重要的是( )。

A、血常规

B、尿常规

C、血生化10项

D、尿7项

E、细菌培养

最有效的治疗措施之一是( )。

A、用进口抗生素

B、用大量抗生素

C、尽早使用抗毒血清

D、尽早使用镇静剂

E、补充电解质

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双肽类甜味剂有

A.阿斯巴甜

B.糖精

C.甜叶菊

D.蔗糖

E.果糖

天然甜味剂有

A.阿斯巴甜

B.糖精

C.甜叶菊

D.蔗糖

E.果糖

耐高温、人工合成的甜味剂是

A.阿斯巴甜

B.糖精

C.甜叶菊

D.蔗糖

E.果糖

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一般认为菠菜与豆腐共同烹调是一种不科学的食物搭配。在豆腐中，含有较丰富的营养素素是( )。

A、锌

B、钙

C、维生素C

D、脂肪酸

E、吡哆醇

在菠菜中含有影响上述营养素吸收的物质( )。

A、草酸

B、植酸

C、乙酸

D、乳糖

E、氨基酸

当二者共同食用时，可形成不易被肠道吸收的化合物为( )。

A、植酸钙

B、钙皂

C、草酸钙

D、植酸锌

E、草酸锌

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女性，60岁，慢性肾衰竭，血尿素氮＞20mmol，尿量减少，临床出现许多代谢紊乱症状。该患者病程正处于

A、慢性期

B、急性期

C、代偿期

D、尿毒症期

E、衰竭期

该患者还应注意限制

A、必需脂肪酸的摄入

B、膳食纤维的摄入

C、NEAA的摄入

D、维生素C和铁的摄入

E、水分的摄入

该患者每天钠供给量应在

A、0.5～1.0g

B、1.0～2.0g

C、2.0～3.0g

D、3.0～4.0g

E、不限制

该患者的营养治疗应采用

A、高生物价低蛋白膳食

B、低脂膳食

C、半流质饮食

D、低盐膳食

E、高脂饮食

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