巧辨before和until

在日常英语教学中,我们遇到学生问这样的一些问题:1.Hewillspendsixhoursathisdesk____hefinisheshiscomposition.A.beforeB.untilC.afterD.when

2.Thebikehitthetree____Icouldgetoff.A.whenB.beforeC.whileD.until

3.Iknockedatthedoorformorethanfiveminutes____Mrswhiteansweredit.A.untilB.whenC.afterD.before

4.Itwas____yesterday____be____thesecret.A.notuntil;that;knewB.until;when;knewC.notbefore;that;foundD.before;that;didn'tfind

怎样才能清楚地解释其选择的原因,这就涉及到until与before的区别问题。实际上,只要我们把握住两者使用时本身的含义及主句动词是终止性的,还是延续性的,肯定式,还是否定式两大点,就能容易地解决这类问题。

现详细阐明如下:一、在下列情况下,两者可互换用,但含义略有不同。before表示“在……之前”的意思,强调时间先后关系;而until表示“直到……才”的意思,主句是肯定句则表示主句动作的终止时间;主句是否定句则强调主句动作的起始时间。

1.主句为否定式终止性谓语动词。常见的动词open,start,leave,arrive,finish,stop等。

(1)Thenoiseofthestreetdidn'tstopuntil/beforeitwasmidnight.

(2)Thechildrenwon'tcomebackuntil/beforeitisdark.

(3)Ididn'tleavethelovelyboyuntil/beforehismothercamehome.

2.主句为肯定式、延续性谓语词,这类动词用stand,stay,talk,be,wait等。

(1)Helivedwithhisparentsuntil/beforehegraduatedfromschool.

(2)Iwillwaituntil/beforehecomestomyhelp.

(3)Ishallstayheeruntil/beforeyoucomeback.

二、在下列情况下,用before不用until。1.主句这肯定式、终止性谓语动词,只用before。

(1)HefellasleepbeforeIcouldtakeoffhisclothes.

(2)Wearrivedtherebeforeitatartedtorain.

(3)TheholidaycametotheendbeforIknewit.

(4)Healmostknockedmedownbeforehesawme.

2.主句谓语动词强调动词的迟缓性,只用before,常伴有时间段状语或时间段暗示。

(1)Itwasquitesometimebeforehefoundtheelephantatall.

(2)Wehadwalkedalongwaybeforewefoundsomewater.

(3)Wehadsailedfortwodaysbeforewesawtheland.

(4)Thefirelastedaboutfourhoursbeforethefirefighterscouldcountrolit.

(5)Itwasmidnightbeforemybrothercamehome.

3.如果强调从句谓语动作未发生,就发生主句谓语动作,只用before。常译为“未及”,“不”或“不等……就”。

(1)Wecanleaveearlyinthemorningbeforeitgetstoohot.

(2)ImustwriteitdownbeforeIforgetit.

(3)Wedowanttobuysomethingnowbeforepricesgoup.

4.表“与其说……倒不如”,“与其……毋宁……”只用before。

(1)IwouldgiveupmyjobbeforeI'dagreetobedismissed.

(2)Hewilldieofhungerbeforehewillsteal.

5.在某些特定句型中用before。

(1)Itwasnotlongbeforethewholecountryroseup.

(2)Itwillprobablynotbelongbeforetheyunderstandeachother.

三、下列情况一般区别用until1.主句是持续性谓语动词时,肯定、否定都可以,但意义完全不同。肯定表动作终止,而否定表动作开始。

(1)Wediscussedtheproblemuntil/beforehecameback.我们一直讨论到他回来。

(2)Wedidn'tdiscusstheproblemuntilhecameback.我们一直等到他回来后才讨论问题。

2.not…until句型尽管在某些情况下可与before互换用,但在强调句中一般仍用until。

(1)ItwasnotuntilhetoldmethatIknewit.

(2)Itwasnotuntilhefinishedhishomeworkthathewenthome.

综上所述,前面的4条选择题中,第1、3题强调动作发生的迟缓性应选before。第2题表动作未及发生就发生主句动作也应选before。第4题为强调句应选A项。