外研版初一下学期英语

《Unit 3 Language in use》语法解析

一般过去时(2)

在上个模块中,我们学习了be的过去式,那么一般动词的过去式是如何构成的呢?请同学们观察下面两个例句:

● Jack often goes to school by bike,but today he walked to school.

杰克经常骑自行车去学校,但是今天他是走路去的学校。

● I live in Beijing now,but I lived in Shanghai three years ago.

我现在住在北京,但是三年前我住在上海。

从上面两个例句中我们不难看出,walked,lived所表达的都是过去的事情,也就是说,当我们谈论过去的动作或状态时,常常使用一般过去时,句中的谓语要用动词的过去式形式。

从上面的两个例句中,我们看到walk→walked,live→lived,那么我们可以推论,动词过去式的构成大致是在动词后加-ed。这类变化被称为动词的规则变化。更详细的变化方式请见下表:

变化规则
原形
过去式
一般动词结尾加-ed
walk,listen,look,finish
walked,listened,looked,finished
以“不发音的字母e结尾”的动词后加-d
live,notice,decide
lived,noticed,decided
以“辅音字母+y结尾”的动词,y变为i,再加-ed
hurry,marry
hurried,married
以“元音字母+一个辅音字母结尾”的重读闭音节动词,先双写辅音字母,再加-ed
stop,step
stopped,stepped

如果要表示过去没有做某事或某事没有发生,则要用一般过去时的否定形式。根据行为动词一般现在时否定形式的构成规律,同学们可能猜得到,行为动词过去式的否定形式也要加助动词。不过不是加do/does,而是加do/does的过去式did,请看下列各例:

● Shedidn't likethe food in the big bowl.

她不喜欢大碗里的食物。

● Theydidn't noticeGoldlocks at first.

他们一开始没注意到金凤花姑娘。

● Baby Beardidn't lookin the bedroom.

熊宝宝没有往卧室里看。

从以上例子可以看出,一般过去时的否定助动词didn't没有人称和数的变化。我们还可以看到,否定句中由于加了didn't,原来的谓语动词变成了原形。试比较:

● Iwalkedto school today.

我今天步行去了学校。

→ Ididn't walkto school today.

我今天没有走路上学。

● Baby Bearnoticedthe little girl in his bed.

熊宝宝看到了躺在他床上的小女孩。

→ Baby Beardidn't noticethe little girl in his bed.

熊宝宝没有看到躺在他床上的小女孩。

如果要询问别人早晨是否听新闻了,昨晚是否看电视了,应该怎么说呢?这时我们需要采用疑问形式,例如:

Didyoulistento the news in the morning?

你早上听新闻了吗?

DidyouwatchTV yesterday evening?

你昨天晚上看电视了吗?

很显然,一般过去时的疑问形式同一般现在时的一样,也是通过在句首加助动词构成的。所不同的是,一般现在时的疑问形式采用的助动词是do/does,而一般过去时使用的是did。请大家注意,在一般过去时的疑问句中,谓语动词变成了原形。试比较:

● Itelephonedmy parents yesterday.

我昨天给父母打电话了。

Didyoutelephoneyour parents yesterday?

你昨天给父母打电话了吗?

Yes,Idid. 是的,我打了。

No,Ididn't. 没有,我没打。

● Hevisitedhis aunt last weekend.

他上周末去看望他的姑姑了。

Didhevisithis aunt last weekend?

他上周末去看望他的姑姑了吗?

Yes,hedid. 是的,他去了。

No,hedidn't. 没有,他没去。

从以上两个例子我们还可以看出一般疑问句的回答方式。现将一般过去时的各种形式及回答总结如下:

肯定
否定
一般疑问
回答
I started school at five.
I did not (didn't) start school at five.
Did I start school at five?
Yes,I did.
No,I didn't.
You took a walk this morning.
You did not (didn't) take a walk this morning.
Did you take a walk this morning?
Yes,you did.
No,you didn't.
He/ She moved to London at twenty-eight.
He/ She did not (didn't) move to London at twenty-eight.
Did he/ she move to London at twenty-eight?
Yes,he/ she did.
No,he/ she didn't.
It rained heavily.
It did not (didn't) rain heavily.
Did it rain heavily?
Yes,he/ she did.
No,he/ she didn't.
We played computer games yesterday.
We did not (didn't) play computer games yesterday.
Did we play computer games yesterday?
Yes,we did.
No,we didn't.
They played basketball after school.
They did not (didn't) play basketball after school.
Did they play basketball after school?
Yes,they did.
No,they didn't.
Unit 3 Language in use